InfluxDB glossary

aggregation

An InfluxQL function that returns an aggregated value across a set of points. For a complete list of the available and upcoming aggregations, see InfluxQL functions.

Related entries: function, selector, transformation

batch

A collection of data points in InfluxDB line protocol format, separated by newlines (0x0A). A batch of points may be submitted to the database using a single HTTP request to the write endpoint. This makes writes using the InfluxDB API much more performant by drastically reducing the HTTP overhead. InfluxData recommends batch sizes of 5,000-10,000 points, although different use cases may be better served by significantly smaller or larger batches.

Related entries: InfluxDB line protocol, point

bucket

A bucket is a named location where time series data is stored in InfluxDB 2.0. In InfluxDB 1.8+, each combination of a database and a retention policy (database/retention-policy) represents a bucket. Use the InfluxDB 2.0 API compatibility endpoints included with InfluxDB 1.8+ to interact with buckets.

continuous query (CQ)

An InfluxQL query that runs automatically and periodically within a database. Continuous queries require a function in the SELECT clause and must include a GROUP BY time() clause. See Continuous Queries.

Related entries: function

database

A logical container for users, retention policies, continuous queries, and time series data.

Related entries: continuous query, retention policy, user

duration

The attribute of the retention policy that determines how long InfluxDB stores data. Data older than the duration are automatically dropped from the database. See Database Management for how to set duration.

Related entries: retention policy

field

The key-value pair in an InfluxDB data structure that records metadata and the actual data value. Fields are required in InfluxDB data structures and they are not indexed - queries on field values scan all points that match the specified time range and, as a result, are not performant relative to tags.

Query tip: Compare fields to tags; tags are indexed.

Related entries: field key, field set, field value, tag

field key

The key part of the key-value pair that makes up a field. Field keys are strings and they store metadata.

Related entries: field, field set, field value, tag key

field set

The collection of field keys and field values on a point.

Related entries: field, field key, field value, point

field value

The value part of the key-value pair that makes up a field. Field values are the actual data; they can be strings, floats, integers, or booleans. A field value is always associated with a timestamp.

Field values are not indexed - queries on field values scan all points that match the specified time range and, as a result, are not performant.

Query tip: Compare field values to tag values; tag values are indexed.

Related entries: field, field key, field set, tag value, timestamp

function

InfluxQL aggregations, selectors, and transformations. See InfluxQL Functions for a complete list of InfluxQL functions.

Related entries: aggregation, selector, transformation

identifier

Tokens that refer to continuous query names, database names, field keys, measurement names, retention policy names, subscription names, tag keys, and user names. See Query Language Specification.

Related entries: database, field key, measurement, retention policy, tag key, user

InfluxDB line protocol

The text based format for writing points to InfluxDB. See InfluxDB line protocol.

measurement

The part of the InfluxDB data structure that describes the data stored in the associated fields. Measurements are strings.

Related entries: field, series

metastore

Contains internal information about the status of the system. The metastore contains the user information, databases, retention policies, shard metadata, continuous queries, and subscriptions.

Related entries: database, retention policy, user

node

An independent influxd process.

Related entries: server

now()

The local server’s nanosecond timestamp.

point

In InfluxDB, a point represents a single data record, similar to a row in a SQL database table. Each point:

• has a measurement, a tag set, a field key, a field value, and a timestamp;
• is uniquely identified by its series and timestamp.

You cannot store more than one point with the same timestamp in a series. If you write a point to a series with a timestamp that matches an existing point, the field set becomes a union of the old and new field set, and any ties go to the new field set. For more information about duplicate points, see How does InfluxDB handle duplicate points?

Related entries: field set, series, timestamp

points per second

A deprecated measurement of the rate at which data is persisted to InfluxDB. The schema allows and even encourages the recording of multiple metric values per point, rendering points per second ambiguous.

Write speeds are generally quoted in values per second, a more precise metric.

Related entries: point, schema, values per second

query

An operation that retrieves data from InfluxDB. See Data Exploration, Schema Exploration, Database Management.

replication factor

The attribute of the retention policy that determines how many copies of data to concurrently store (or retain) in the cluster. Replicating copies ensures that data is available when a data node (or more) is unavailable.

For three nodes or less, the default replication factor equals the number of data nodes. For more than three nodes, the default replication factor is 3. To change the default replication factor, specify the replication factor n in the retention policy.

Related entries: duration, node, retention policy

retention policy (RP)

Describes how long InfluxDB keeps data (duration), how many copies of the data to store in the cluster (replication factor), and the time range covered by shard groups (shard group duration). RPs are unique per database and along with the measurement and tag set define a series.

When you create a database, InfluxDB creates a retention policy called autogen with an infinite duration, a replication factor set to one, and a shard group duration set to seven days. For more information, see Retention policy management.

Related entries: duration, measurement, replication factor, series, shard duration, tag set

schema

How data is organized in InfluxDB. The fundamentals of the InfluxDB schema are databases, retention policies, series, measurements, tag keys, tag values, and field keys. See Schema Design for more information.

Related entries: database, field key, measurement, retention policy, series, tag key, tag value

selector

An InfluxQL function that returns a single point from the range of specified points. See InfluxQL Functions for a complete list of the available and upcoming selectors.

Related entries: aggregation, function, transformation

series

A logical grouping of data defined by shared measurement, tag set, and field key.

Related entries: field set, measurement, tag set

series cardinality

The number of unique database, measurement, tag set, and field key combinations in an InfluxDB instance.

For example, assume that an InfluxDB instance has a single database and one measurement. The single measurement has two tag keys: email and status. If there are three different emails, and each email address is associated with two different statuses then the series cardinality for the measurement is 6 (3 * 2 = 6):

Note that, in some cases, simply performing that multiplication may overestimate series cardinality because of the presence of dependent tags. Dependent tags are tags that are scoped by another tag and do not increase series cardinality. If we add the tag firstname to the example above, the series cardinality would not be 18 (3 * 2 * 3 = 18). It would remain unchanged at 6, as firstname is already scoped by the email tag:

See SHOW CARDINALITY to learn about the InfluxQL commands for series cardinality.

Related entries: field key,measurement, tag key, tag set

series key

A series key identifies a particular series by measurement, tag set, and field key.

For example:

# measurement, tag set, field key
h2o_level, location=santa_monica, h2o_feet

Related entries: series

server

A machine, virtual or physical, that is running InfluxDB. There should only be one InfluxDB process per server.

Related entries: node

shard

A shard contains the actual encoded and compressed data, and is represented by a TSM file on disk. Every shard belongs to one and only one shard group. Multiple shards may exist in a single shard group. Each shard contains a specific set of series. All points falling on a given series in a given shard group will be stored in the same shard (TSM file) on disk.

Related entries: series, shard duration, shard group, tsm

shard duration

The shard duration determines how much time each shard group spans. The specific interval is determined by the SHARD DURATION of the retention policy. See Retention Policy management for more information.

For example, given a retention policy with SHARD DURATION set to 1w, each shard group will span a single week and contain all points with timestamps in that week.

Related entries: database, retention policy, series, shard, shard group

shard group

Shard groups are logical containers for shards. Shard groups are organized by time and retention policy. Every retention policy that contains data has at least one associated shard group. A given shard group contains all shards with data for the interval covered by the shard group. The interval spanned by each shard group is the shard duration.

Related entries: database, retention policy, series, shard, shard duration

subscription

Subscriptions allow Kapacitor to receive data from InfluxDB in a push model rather than the pull model based on querying data. When Kapacitor is configured to work with InfluxDB, the subscription will automatically push every write for the subscribed database from InfluxDB to Kapacitor. Subscriptions can use TCP or UDP for transmitting the writes.

tag

The key-value pair in the InfluxDB data structure that records metadata. Tags are an optional part of the data structure, but they are useful for storing commonly queried metadata; tags are indexed so queries on tags are performant. Query tip: Compare tags to fields; fields are not indexed.

Related entries: field, tag key, tag set, tag value

tag key

The key part of the key-value pair that makes up a tag. Tag keys are strings and they store metadata. Tag keys are indexed so queries on tag keys are performant.

Query tip: Compare tag keys to field keys; field keys are not indexed.

Related entries: field key, tag, tag set, tag value

tag set

The collection of tag keys and tag values on a point.

Related entries: point, series, tag, tag key, tag value

tag value

The value part of the key-value pair that makes up a tag. Tag values are strings and they store metadata. Tag values are indexed so queries on tag values are performant.

Related entries: tag, tag key, tag set

timestamp

The date and time associated with a point. All time in InfluxDB is UTC.

For how to specify time when writing data, see Write Syntax. For how to specify time when querying data, see Data Exploration.

Related entries: point

transformation

An InfluxQL function that returns a value or a set of values calculated from specified points, but does not return an aggregated value across those points. See InfluxQL Functions for a complete list of the available and upcoming aggregations.

Related entries: aggregation, function, selector

TSM (Time Structured Merge tree)

The purpose-built data storage format for InfluxDB. TSM allows for greater compaction and higher write and read throughput than existing B+ or LSM tree implementations. See Storage Engine for more.

user

There are two kinds of users in InfluxDB:

• Admin users have READ and WRITE access to all databases and full access to administrative queries and user management commands.
• Non-admin users have READ, WRITE, or ALL (both READ and WRITE) access per database.

When authentication is enabled, InfluxDB only executes HTTP requests that are sent with a valid username and password. See Authentication and Authorization.

values per second

The preferred measurement of the rate at which data is persisted to InfluxDB. Write speeds are generally quoted in values per second.

To calculate the values per second rate, multiply the number of points written per second by the number of values stored per point. For example, if the points have four fields each, and a batch of 5000 points is written 10 times per second, then the values per second rate is 4 field values per point * 5000 points per batch * 10 batches per second = 200,000 values per second.

Related entries: batch, field, point, points per second

WAL (Write Ahead Log)

The temporary cache for recently written points. To reduce the frequency with which the permanent storage files are accessed, InfluxDB caches new points in the WAL until their total size or age triggers a flush to more permanent storage. This allows for efficient batching of the writes into the TSM.

Points in the WAL can be queried, and they persist through a system reboot. On process start, all points in the WAL must be flushed before the system accepts new writes.

Related entries: tsm