Aggregate data with SQL

An SQL query that aggregates data includes the following clauses:

• * SELECT: Specify fields, tags, and calculations to output from a table or use the wildcard alias (*) to select all fields and tags from a table.
• * FROM: Specify the table to query data from.
• WHERE: Only return rows that meets the specified conditions–for example, the time is within a time range, a tag has a specific value, or a field value is above or below a specified threshold.
• GROUP BY: Group data that have the same values for specified columns and expressions (for example, an aggregate function result).

Learn how to apply aggregate operations to your queried data:

• Aggregate and selector functions
  • Aggregate functions
  • Selector functions
• Example aggregate queries

Aggregate and selector functions

Both aggregate and selector functions return a single row from each SQL group. For example, if you GROUP BY room and perform an aggregate operation in your SELECT clause, results include an aggregate value for each unique value of room.

Aggregate functions

Use aggregate functions to aggregate values in a specified column for each group and return a single row per group containing the aggregate value.

View SQL aggregate functions

Basic aggregate query

SELECT AVG(co) from home

Selector functions

Use selector functions to “select” a value from a specified column. The available selector functions are designed to work with time series data.

View SQL selector functions

Each selector function returns a Rust struct (similar to a JSON object) representing a single time and value from the specified column in the each group. What time and value get returned depend on the logic in the selector function. For example, selector_first returns the value of specified column in the first row of the group. selector_max returns the maximum value of the specified column in the group.

Selector struct schema

The struct returned from a selector function has two properties:

• time: time value in the selected row
• value: value of the specified column in the selected row

{time: 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z, value: 72.1}

Use selector functions

Each selector function has two arguments:

• The first is the column to operate on.
• The second is the time column to use in the selection logic.

In your SELECT statement, execute a selector function and use bracket notation to reference properties of the returned struct to populate the column value:

SELECT
  selector_first(temp, time)['time'] AS time,
  selector_first(temp, time)['value'] AS temp,
  room
FROM home
GROUP BY room

Example aggregate queries

• Perform an ungrouped aggregation
• Group and aggregate data
  • Downsample data by applying interval-based aggregates
• Query rows based on aggregate values

Perform an ungrouped aggregation

To aggregate all queried values in a specified column:

• Use aggregate or selector functions in your SELECT statement.
• Do not include a GROUP BY clause to leave your data ungrouped.

SELECT avg(co) AS 'average co' from home

Group and aggregate data

To apply aggregate or selector functions to grouped data:

• Use aggregate or selector functions in your SELECT statement.
• Include columns to group by in your SELECT statement.
• Include a GROUP BY clause with a comma-delimited list of columns and expressions to group by.

Keep the following in mind when using GROUP BY:

• GROUP BY can use column aliases that are defined in the SELECT clause.
• GROUP BY won’t use an aliased value if the alias is the same as the original column name. GROUP BY will use the original value of the column, not the transformed, aliased value.

SELECT
  room,
  avg(temp) AS 'average temp'
FROM home
GROUP BY room

Downsample data by applying interval-based aggregates

A common use case when querying time series is downsampling data by applying aggregates to time-based groups. To group and aggregate data into time-based groups:

• In your SELECT clause:

  • Use the DATE_BIN function to calculate time intervals and output a column that contains the start of the interval nearest to the time timestamp in each row–for example, the following clause calculates two-hour intervals (originating at the Unix epoch) and returns a new time column that contains the start of the interval nearest to home.time:

    SELECT
      DATE_BIN(INTERVAL '2 hours', time) AS time
    FROM home
    ...
    

    Given a time value 2022-01-01T13:00:50.000Z, the output time column contains 2022-01-01T12:00:00.000Z.

  • Use aggregate or selector functions on specified columns.

• In your GROUP BY clause:

  • Specify the DATE_BIN(...) column ordinal reference (1). This lets you group by the transformed time value and maintain the time column name.
  • Specify other columns (for example, room) that are specified in the SELECT clause and aren’t used in a selector function.

  SELECT
    DATE_BIN(INTERVAL '2 hours', time) AS time
  ...
  GROUP BY 1, room
  ...
  

  To reference the DATE_BIN(...) result column by name in the GROUP BY clause, assign an alias other than “time” in the SELECT clause–for example:

  SELECT
    DATE_BIN(INTERVAL '2 hours', time) AS _time
  FROM home
  ...
  GROUP BY _time, room
  

• Include an ORDER BY clause with columns to sort by.

The following example retrieves unique combinations of time intervals and rooms with their minimum, maximum, and average temperatures:

SELECT
  DATE_BIN(INTERVAL '2 hours', time) AS time,
  room,
  selector_max(temp, time)['value'] AS 'max temp',
  selector_min(temp, time)['value'] AS 'min temp',
  avg(temp) AS 'average temp'
FROM home
GROUP BY 1, room
ORDER BY room, 1

SELECT
  DATE_BIN(INTERVAL '2 hours', time) AS _time,
  room,
  selector_max(temp, time)['value'] AS 'max temp',
  selector_min(temp, time)['value'] AS 'min temp',
  avg(temp) AS 'average temp'
FROM home
GROUP BY _time, room
ORDER BY room, _time

SELECT
  DATE_BIN(INTERVAL '2 hours', time) AS time,
  room,
  selector_max(temp, time)['value'] AS 'max temp',
  selector_min(temp, time)['value'] AS 'min temp',
  avg(temp) AS 'average temp'
FROM home
GROUP BY 1, room
ORDER BY room, 1

Query rows based on aggregate values

To query data based on values after an aggregate operation, include a HAVING clause with defined predicate conditions such as a value threshold. Predicates in the WHERE clause are applied before data is aggregated. Predicates in the HAVING clause are applied after data is aggregated.

SELECT
  room,
  avg(co) AS 'average co'
FROM home
GROUP BY room
HAVING "average co" > 5